Multipacket reception in LTE femtocell networks

Dissertação apresentada para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de ComputadoresDriven by the growing demand for high-speed broadband wireless services, LTE technology has emerged and evolve, promising high data rates to the demanding mobile users. Based on the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) speci cations,Long Term Evo- lution Advanced (LTE-A) telecommunication services predict the existence of macro base stations, Enhanced Node B (eNB) and micro stations HeNB with low power that complements the network's coverage. This dissertation studies the complementary use of HeNBs (femtocells 3GPP terminology) to provide broadband services. It is essential to maintain the networks performance with the network densi cation phenomenon, which brings signi cant interference problems and consequently more collisions and lost packets. The use of SC-FDE in the downlink of a LTE-A femtocell network - speci cally multipacket reception (MPR), with an IB-DFE receiver employing Multipacket Detection (MPD) and SIC techniques is proposed. A new telecommunications concept named GC emerged with the increasing environmental concerns. This dissertation shows the performance results of an iterative MPR and proposes a green association algorithm to change the network layout according to the mobile users demands reducing the Base Station (BS)'s negative contribution to the network total energy consumption. The overall results show that the technologies employed are a solution to achieve a favorable trade-o between performance and Energy E ciency (EE), responding to the global demands (high data rates) and concerns (low energy consumption and carbon footprint reduction). Keywords: Long Term Evolution(LTE), Single Carrier with Frequency Domain Equalization (SC-FDE), Iterative Block-Decision Feedback Equalizer (IB-DFE), Home enhanced Node B (HeNB), Successive Interference Cancellation(SIC),Multipacket Reception(MPR), Green Communications (GC)FCT/MEC Femtocells(PTDC/EEATEL/120666/2010), OPPORTUNISTIC CR(PTDC/EEA-TEL/115981/2009) and ADIN(PTDC/EEI-TEL/2990/2012) project

Armed society: the manorial mode of forming armed groups in the Brazilian Empire

This article deals with the problem of armed violence in the political life of the Brazilian Empire. Armed violence was used often in power struggles to win the general government, in the struggles of regional elites by provincial governments and local leaders for the cities. But the research also showed that armed violence was present in social life. The men had access to weapons and used them in their interpersonal conflicts in land disputes etc. The imperial society was an armed society, that is, a society that was able to obtain and use weapons regardless of control of government bodies. This article studies specifically forms of reproduction of armed society, means that it created to remain in possession of weapons and able to use them in conflict situations. How men learned to handle weapons and fight? To answer this question it is proposed the notion of "modo senhorial de atuação armada" (manorial mode of forming armed groups to employ them in conflicts).Este artigo aborda o emprego da violência armada nas relações políticas sob o Império brasileiro. De fato, chama atenção na vida política brasileira, e num extenso período que abrange de meados do século XVIII à primeira metade do século XX, a recorrência de conflitos armados. A violência física era recurso nas disputas por poder no governo geral do país, nas lutas entre setores das elites regionais pelos governos provinciais, depois estaduais, e no controle de municípios pelas lideranças locais. O estudo do uso de armas na vida política logo mostrou que a violência armada era largamente empregada, também, na vida social do país. Os homens tinham acesso a armas e as usavam nos seus conflitos interpessoais, nas disputas por terras, etc. Ao problema geral da formação do Estado brasileiro com as lutas nas instâncias de governo juntou-se o problema de uma sociedade armada, isto é, uma sociedade que tem capacidade de obter e empregar armas independentemente das instâncias governamentais. Este artigo estuda, especificamente, as formas de reprodução da sociedade armada, os meios que ela criou para se manter na posse de armas e a capacidade para empregá-las nas situações de conflito. Numa sociedade cujas pessoas dispunham facilmente de armas, que estavam nas mãos dos senhores e das famílias, os homens precisavam saber manejá-las e lutar. Como aprendiam isso? Para responder esta pergunta propõe-se a noção de "modo senhorial de atuação armada"